올림포스 독해의 기본1_Unit 13-18 지문, 필기용 파일

 

 

올림포스 독해의 기본1_Unit6-12 지문, 필기용 파일 입니다:)

 

올림포스1_Unit13-18 텍스트.pdf

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Unit 13. 문장 삽입

 

A.

From an evolutionary perspective, aggression can be viewed as adaptive behavior, at least in some situations. For instance, competition for desirable mates is often intense, and one way to “win” in such contests is through aggression against potential rivals. So, especially for males, strong tendencies to aggress against others can yield beneficial outcomes. On the other hand, living together in human society often requires restraining aggressive behavior. Being aggressive to others in response to every provocation is definitely not adaptive, and can greatly disrupt social life. For this reason, it is clear that we possess effective internal mechanisms for restraining anger and obvious aggression. Such mechanisms are described by the term self-regulation (or self-control), and refer to our capacity to regulate many aspects of own behavior, including aggression.

*restrain 제한하다, 제약하다 **provocation 도발

***disrupt 방해하다

 

 

1.

Many people have habits that are bad for survival. How does that happen if our brain rewards behaviors that are good for survival? When a happy-chemical spurt is over, you feel like something is wrong. You look for a reliable way to feel good again, fast. Anything that worked before built a pathway in your brain. We all have such happy habits: from snacking to exercising, whether it’s spending or saving, partying or solitude, arguing or making up. But none of these habits can make you happy all the time because your brain doesn’t work that way. Every happy-chemical spurt is quickly metabolized and you have to do more to get more. You can end up overdoing a happy habit to the point of unhappiness.

*spurt 분출 **metabolize 대사 작용을 하다

 

 

2.

Biotechnology opens up the possibility of creating the plant, animal, and human environments in which we would like to live. Plants can be built that resist diseases without pesticides, use less water, and produce more edible food. Similar improvements are occurring in animals. More milk per cow leads to less pressure on grazing lands and more room for wildlife. When it comes to improving humans, the process will start by eliminating genetic diseases and move on to building better (smarter, taller, more beautiful) men and women. The biotech processes for curing existing diseases are dual-use technologies. The same techniques that allow genetic defects (very inferior genes) to be eliminated allow the replacement of slightly inferior genes with superior ones.

 

 

 

 

3.

Many convenience stores are open 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Since they never lock their doors, why do they bother to install doors with locks on them? It is always possible, of course, that an emergency could force such a store to close at least briefly. In the wake of Hurricane Katrina, for example, residents of New Orleans were forced to evacuate with little notice. But even if the possibility of closing could be ruled out with certainty, it is doubtful that a store would find it advantageous to purchase doors without locks. The vast majority of industrial doors are sold to establishments that are not open twenty-four hours a day. These establishments have obvious reasons for wanting locks on their doors. So, given that most industrial doors are sold with locks, it is probably cheaper to make all doors the same way.

*evacuate 대피하다, 철수하다

Unit 14. 글의 순서 배열

 

A.

‘Research has shown that ...’ is a phrase often used to persuade the listener that the speaker can back up what he or she is saying with firm empirical evidence. However, it is extremely vague to claim that ‘research has shown’ anything unless you can back up the claim with specific details about the research. Who carried out this research? What methods did they use? What precisely did they find? Have their results been confirmed by other workers in the field? These are the sorts of questions which anyone who uses this phrase should be able to answer. If they can’t, then there is no reason to be persuaded by the phrase, which is then empty of content.

*empirical 실증적인, 경험에 의거한

 

 

 

 

1.

In 2002, UC Santa Barbara neuroscientist Michael Miller conducted a study of verbal memory. One by one, sixteen participants lay down in an fMRI brain scanner and were shown a set of words. After a few minutes’ rest, a second series of words was presented and they pressed a button whenever they recognized a word from the first series. As each participant decided whether he had seen a particular word a few minutes ago, the machine scanned his brain and created a digital “map” of his brain’s activity. When Miller finished his experiment, he reported his findings the same way every neuroscientist does: by averaging together all the individual brain maps from his subjects to create a map of the Average Brain. Miller’s expectation was that this average map would reveal the neural circuits involved in verbal memory in the typical human brain.

*neuroscientist 신경 과학자 **fMRI 기능적 자기공명영상

 

 

 

2.

Our bodies have a protecting trick up their sleeves. Once certain viruses have done their dirty work in a body, they’ll never be let back in again. It’s called “immunity” and it’s why we get chicken pox only once in a lifetime. Let’s say that a big, ugly dog moves in next door. The first time you try to pet it, it snarls and tries to take a small chunk out of your rear end. So the next time you have to walk past that dog, you are prepared. You blow a dog whistle that sends him cowering into his doghouse with his paws over his ears. You fight back because you recognize danger when you see it. Your body works the same way. It recognizes an evil virus the second time around, knows it will cause trouble, and attacks it before it has a chance to do its mischief again.

*cower 움츠러들다

 

 

3.

You and your friend have just finished your meal. The waiter lays the check on your table. Boom! To an earsplitting duet of “Let me get that,” you and your friend’s hands snatch down on it like two pelicans plunging for the same fish. Embarrassing battles follow. You disturb nearby diners. Here’s how to avoid this happening. Arrive at the restaurant before your guest arrives, and give the person who seats you your credit card. Say you want him to bring the bill with the credit card already stamped as you finish your meal. When the meal is over, the server brings the check directly to you. You merely fill in the tip and hand it back. When your friend says “Oh no,” simply say “No, it’s done. I really want to get this one.” Your friend is impressed and pleased.

*plunge 돌진하다, 뛰어들다

 

 

Unit 15. 요약문 완성

A.

In a study at Stanford University, four-year-olds at a nursery school were offered a marshmallow. They were told they could either eat the marshmallow immediately or wait. If they waited to eat the marshmallow that sat before their eyes until the experimenter returned (about 15 minutes), they would receive two marshmallows. Walter Mischel, a psychologist studying delaying gratification, had three daughters who attended the nursery school; they and their classmates participated in the study. Over the years, he would ask his daughters about their friends, and in doing so he detected a relationship between an ability to delay gratification in preschool and excelling in adolescence. Mischel and his colleagues located the participants in the initial study to more formally track their progress as they matured. They noticed that the children who ate the single marshmallow right away were likely to have problems in the areas of behavior, friendships, and attention. In contrast, those who were able to delay gratification had higher SAT scores and coped better with stress.

⇩

According to Mischel’s study, children who could put off their desire showed superior achievements in adolescence, while those who sought instant satisfaction tended to have various troubles.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1.

Our instincts tell us the higher we climb up the ladder, the more stress we feel and the weaker our feeling of safety. Consider the stereotype of the high-strung executive facing relentless pressure from shareholders, employees and the firm’s largest customers. We are hardly surprised when one of them suddenly drops dead of a heart attack before fifty. Decades ago, scientists in Britain set out to study this link between an employee’s place on the corporate ladder and stress. Known collectively as the Whitehall Studies, the studies’ findings were both astounding and profound. Researchers found that workers’ stress was not caused by a higher degree of responsibility and pressure usually associated with rank. It is not the demands of the job that cause the most stress, but the lack of control workers feel they have throughout their day. The studies also found that the effort required by a job is not in itself stressful, but rather the imbalance between the effort we give and the reward we feel.

*high-strung 극도로 긴장한

⇩

According to the Whitehall Studies, the stress does not come from people’s position at work or work demands, but from the situations which cannot be done exactly as they 　want.

 

  

2.

According to philosopher Radcliffe Richards, it is incoherent to think that something’s real nature is revealed when it is in its correct environment. First of all, the whole notion of a ‘correct environment’ is problematic. Isn’t the notion of what is correct relative to various concerns? The correct environment for a salmon when cooking one is perhaps a heated oven. The correct environment for its spawning is something else again. But more importantly, to know something’s nature is to know how it is in a variety of environments. Iron’s nature, for example, is most fully understood if we know how it behaves when it is hot, cold, smashed, left in water and so on. Knowing how iron behaves when left in conditions optimal to its continued, unchanged existence only gives a partial view of its nature.

*incoherent (논리적으로) 일관되지 않은

 

⇩

The notion of ‘correct environment’ is improper in understanding something’s nature, but its behavior in various conditions best reveals its nature.

 

 

  

3.

Programs of economic development often lead to changes in people’s dietary habits. In some cases these dietary changes are voluntary to the extent that some new foods, associated with powerful outsiders, are status symbols. But more often than not, diets change because of circumstances associated with the objectives of economic development that are beyond the control of the local people. For example, in an attempt to grow more cash crops (which help to raise wages and bring in foreign exchange capital), non-Western people often divert time and energy from growing their normal subsistence crops. The result is that they spend much of their hard-earned cash on foods that are both costly and nutritionally inferior to feed their families.

*subsistence crop 자급용 농작물

⇩

People may change their dietary habits voluntarily, but they may also change them because of the demands associated with economic development, which can pressure non-Western people to grow cash crops and consume expensive and undernourished foods.

 

  

 

 

 

Unit 16. 어법 (밑줄 / 네모)

 

A1.

When George Lucas succeeded in making Star Wars, despite those who said the special effects he wanted hadn’t ever been done and couldn’t be done, many other possibilities opened up to him. Industrial Light and Magic (ILM), the company he created to produce those “impossible” special effects, became a source of revenue to help fund his other projects. He was able to produce merchandising tie-ins to his movies, thus bringing in another revenue stream to fund his moviemaking. But his confidence in doing the difficult has also made a huge impact on other moviemakers and a whole new generation of moviegoers. Popular culture writer Chris Salewicz says, “At first directly through his own work and then via the unparalleled influence of ILM, George Lucas has influenced for two decades the essential broad notion of what is cinema.”

*tie-in 파생 상품 **unparalleled 견줄 데 없는

 

 

A2.

When life deals us multiple losses, we create unnecessary burdens for ourselves if we continue to postpone the tears and the acknowledgment of pain. Over time, we may find it more and more difficult to cry about anything. Or we may suddenly cry for reasons totally unrelated to our pain, as when a television commercial sets us off. Or we may even cry in inappropriate places, as when we burst into tears in a meeting at work. We may be storing up such a flood of emotions that we become afraid to feel, especially when we are feeling more vulnerable with a new loss. We may begin to avoid topics that might make us cry. Others may avoid us, frightened by the urgency of our tears when we do express our sadness. Sorrow is not one of the more popular feelings because we must be willing to allow it to overtake us

 

1.

The past couple of decades have seen many corporations joining with charities in what is called “cause-related marketing” efforts, in which a corporation donates a certain percentage of its profits from a particular item. The nonprofit group and the corporation advertise the arrangement and encourage people who may be choosing among similar products to choose the one that also benefits the charity. Variations on this theme include corporations that offer to give a percentage of profits to a certain kind of organization or who allow customers to nominate groups that should receive corporate funding. Cause-related marketing has benefited many organizations by allowing shoppers to feel that their spending can also serve a charitable purpose. The drawback is that these donors do not become part of an organization’s donor base.

*cause-related marketing 공익연계 마케팅

 

 

 

2.

The journey to discovering your authentic self promises to be the most rewarding adventure of your life. When you know yourself, you are free. You have a power and presence that radiates from deep within and shines out confidently into the world. You did not come into this life to suffer, to be manipulated and denied. Whatever binds you and keeps you from living your truth is false and can be shed. It takes courage to embrace your authentic self and live life on your own terms. Yet to be uniquely you, to listen within and love yourself for all of your weaknesses and missteps, is what your soul longs for.